Zinc and Vitamin D are essential for correct functioning of the body,especially in children

Ana Kokhreidze, Lali Saginadze, Rusudan Kvanchakhadze, Nino Megrelishvili, Marine Gordeladze

Abstract


Introduction

Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals that are necessary for the body in very small amounts. Their impact on the health of the body is critical and a deficiency in any of them can lead to severe/irreversible life-threatening conditions.

Aim: The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on the role of zinc and vitamin D in the proper functioning of the body in children.

Vitamin D is steroid hormone, which makes a major contribution to human physiology, immunomodulation, cell differentiation and proliferation. Zinc is an important component of enzymes involved in the stabilization of DNA, RNA, in the structure of ribosomes and membrane structures, in the synthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and other microelements.

Conclusion

Unhealthylifestyle and unbalanced nutrition, especially in children, lead to a violation of the nutritional status, which can become the cause of psychomotor and growth-developmental delay of the adolescent.

 


Keywords


Keywords: Nutrition, Zinc (Zn), Children, Growth, Psychomotor

Full Text:

PDF

References


Kaźmierczak-Barańska J, Boguszewska K, Karwowski BT. Nutrition Can Help DNA Repair in the Case of Aging. Nutrients. 2020 Nov 1;12(11):3364. doi: 10.3390/nu12113364. PMID: 33139613; PMCID: PMC7692274.

Farias PM, Marcelino G, Santana LF, de Almeida EB, Guimarães RCA, Pott A, Hiane PA, Freitas KC. Minerals in Pregnancy and Their Impact on Child Growth and Development. Molecules. 2020 Nov 30;25(23):5630. doi: 10.3390/molecules25235630. PMID: 33265961; PMCID: PMC7730771.

Dhaliwal SS, Sharma V, Shukla AK, Verma V, Kaur M, Shivay YS, Nisar S, Gaber A, Brestic M, Barek V, Skalicky M, Ondrisik P, Hossain A. Biofortification-A Frontier Novel Approach to Enrich Micronutrients in Field Crops to Encounter the Nutritional Security. Molecules. 2022 Feb 16;27(4):1340. doi: 10.3390/molecules27041340. PMID: 35209127; PMCID: PMC8877941.

Han X, Ding S, Lu J, Li Y. Global, regional, and national burdens of common micronutrient deficiencies from 1990 to 2019: A secondary trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Feb 12;44:101299. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101299. PMID: 35198923; PMCID: PMC8850322.

Fan X, Zhou X, Chen H, Tang M, Xie X. Cross-Talks Between Macro- and Micronutrient Uptake and Signaling in Plants. Front Plant Sci. 2021 Oct 15;12:663477. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663477. PMID: 34721446; PMCID: PMC8555580.

Gorimanipalli B, Shetty R, Sethu S, Khamar P. Vitamin D and eye: Current evidence and practice guidelines. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2023 Apr;71(4):1127-1134. doi: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_3174_22. PMID: 37026244; PMCID: PMC10276688.

Bano A, Abrar S, Brilli E, Tarantino G, Bugti AA, Fabbrini M, Conti G, Turroni S, Bugti M, Afridi F, Mureed S, Zada H, Din Ujjan I, Ashraf S, Ghafoor A, Khan S, Khan A. A comparative absorption study of sucrosomial® orodispersible vitamin D3 supplementation vs. a reference chewable tablet and soft gel capsule vitamin D3 in improving circulatory 25(OH)D levels in healthy adults with vitamin D deficiency-Results from a prospective randomized clinical trial. Front Nutr. 2023 Aug 17;10:1221685. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1221685. PMID: 37662595; PMCID: PMC10469777.

Toldy E, Salamon A, Kálmán B, Ágota K, Horváth D, Lőcsei Z. Prognostic Relevance of Circulating 25OHD Fractions for Early Recovery and Survival in Patients with Hip Fracture †. J Clin Med. 2018 Aug 1;7(8):193. doi: 10.3390/jcm7080193. PMID: 30071650; PMCID: PMC6111530.

Dirks NF, Cavalier E, Heijboer AC. Vitamin D: marker, measurand & measurement. Endocr Connect. 2023 Mar 15;12(4):e220269. doi: 10.1530/EC-22-0269. PMID: 36688810; PMCID: PMC10083657.

Wang Y, Zhu J, DeLuca HF. Where is the vitamin D receptor? Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012 Jul 1;523(1):123-33. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.001. Epub 2012 Apr 6. PMID: 22503810.

Huey SL, Acharya N, Silver A, Sheni R, Yu EA, Peña-Rosas JP, Mehta S. Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under five years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 8;12(12):CD012875. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012875.pub2. PMID: 33305842; PMCID: PMC8121044.

Kim DS, Kim JH, Baek SW, Lee JK, Park SY, Choi B, Kim TH, Min K, Han DK. Controlled vitamin D delivery with injectable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel for restoration of tendinopathy. J Tissue Eng. 2022 Sep 2;13:20417314221122089. doi: 10.1177/20417314221122089. PMID: 36082312; PMCID: PMC9445534.

Hammami MM, Yusuf A. Differential effects of vitamin D2 and D3 supplements on 25-hydroxyvitamin D level are dose, sex, and time dependent: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Endocr Disord. 2017 Feb 24;17(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s12902-017-0163-9. PMID: 28231782; PMCID: PMC5324269.

Giustina A, Bouillon R, Binkley N, Sempos C, Adler RA, Bollerslev J, Dawson-Hughes B, Ebeling PR, Feldman D, Heijboer A, Jones G, Kovacs CS, Lazaretti-Castro M, Lips P, Marcocci C, Minisola S, Napoli N, Rizzoli R, Scragg R, White JH, Formenti AM, Bilezikian JP. Controversies in Vitamin D: A Statement From the Third International Conference. JBMR Plus. 2020 Nov 10;4(12):e10417. doi: 10.1002/jbm4.10417. PMID: 33354643; PMCID: PMC7745884.

Aghaei F, Heidarnia A, Allahverdipour H, Eslami M, Ghaffarifar S. Knowledge, attitude, performance, and determinant factors of Vitamin D deficiency prevention behaviours among Iranian pregnant women. Arch Public Health. 2021 Dec 10;79(1):224. doi: 10.1186/s13690-021-00712-2. PMID: 34893075; PMCID: PMC8662894.

Soto JR, Anthias C, Madrigal A, Snowden JA. Insights Into the Role of Vitamin D as a Biomarker in Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol. 2020 Jun 8;11:966. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00966. PMID: 32582151; PMCID: PMC7295104.

Haile D, Brown KH, McDonald CM, Luo H, Jarvis M, Teta I, Ndjebayi A, Martial GAJ, Vosti SA, Engle-Stone R. Applying Zinc Nutrient Reference Values as Proposed by Different Authorities Results in Large Differences in the Estimated Prevalence of Inadequate Zinc Intake by Young Children and Women and in Cameroon. Nutrients. 2022 Feb 19;14(4):883. doi: 10.3390/nu14040883. PMID: 35215534; PMCID: PMC8879783.

Kambe T, Taylor KM, Fu D. Zinc transporters and their functional integration in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 2021 Jan-Jun;296:100320. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100320. Epub 2021 Jan 22. PMID: 33485965; PMCID: PMC7949119.

Ollig J, Kloubert V, Taylor KM, Rink L. B cell activation and proliferation increase intracellular zinc levels. J Nutr Biochem. 2019 Feb;64:72-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.008. Epub 2018 Oct 26. PMID: 30448545; PMCID: PMC6372723.

Sharif R, Thomas P, Zalewski P, Fenech M. The role of zinc in genomic stability. Mutat Res. 2012 May 1;733(1-2):111-21. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.08.009. Epub 2011 Sep 16. PMID: 21939673.

King, J. C., Brown, K. H., Gibson, R. S., Krebs, N. F., Lowe, N. M., Siekmann, J. H., & Raiten, D. J. (2015). Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)-Zinc Review. The Journal of nutrition, 146(4), 858S–885S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.220079

Goethe E, Laarmann K, Lührs J, Jarek M, Meens J, Lewin A, Goethe R. Critical Role of Zur and SmtB in Zinc Homeostasis of Mycobacterium smegmatis. mSystems. 2020 Apr 21;5(2):e00880-19. doi: 10.1128/mSystems.00880-19. PMID: 32317393; PMCID: PMC7174638.

Costello LC, Franklin RB. A comprehensive review of the role of zinc in normal prostate function and metabolism; and its implications in prostate cancer. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2016 Dec 1;611:100-112. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.04.014. Epub 2016 Apr 27. PMID: 27132038; PMCID: PMC5083243.

Hojyo S, Fukada T. Roles of Zinc Signaling in the Immune System. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:6762343. doi: 10.1155/2016/6762343. Epub 2016 Oct 31. PMID: 27872866; PMCID: PMC5107842.

Wuehler S, Lopez de Romaña D, Haile D, McDonald CM, Brown KH. Reconsidering the Tolerable Upper Levels of Zinc Intake among Infants and Young Children: A Systematic Review of the Available Evidence. Nutrients. 2022 May 5;14(9):1938. doi: 10.3390/nu14091938. PMID: 35565906; PMCID: PMC9102402.

Carducci B, Keats EC, Bhutta ZA. Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 16;3(3):CD000230. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000230.pub6. PMID: 33724446; PMCID: PMC8094617.

Roohani N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R, Schulin R. Zinc and its importance for human health: An integrative review. J Res Med Sci. 2013 Feb;18(2):144-57. PMID: 23914218; PMCID: PMC3724376

Hernández-Camacho JD, Vicente-García C, Parsons DS, Navas-Enamorado I. Zinc at the crossroads of exercise and proteostasis. Redox Biol. 2020 Aug;35:101529. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101529. Epub 2020 Apr 1. PMID: 32273258; PMCID: PMC7284914.

Liu E, Pimpin L, Shulkin M, Kranz S, Duggan CP, Mozaffarian D, Fawzi WW. Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Growth Outcomes in Children under 5 Years of Age. Nutrients. 2018 Mar 20;10(3):377. doi: 10.3390/nu10030377. PMID: 29558383; PMCID: PMC5872795.

Florescu L, Popa G, Bălănică G, Azoicăi D. Zinc--essential micronutrient for child health and nutrition. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2009 Jul-Sep;113(3):650-5. PMID: 20191810.

Cole CR, Lifshitz F. Zinc nutrition and growth retardation. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2008 Jun;5(4):889-96. PMID: 18552751.

Sullivan MJ, Goh KGK, Ulett GC. Cellular Management of Zinc in Group B Streptococcus Supports Bacterial Resistance against Metal Intoxication and Promotes Disseminated Infection. mSphere. 2021 May 19;6(3):e00105-21. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00105-21. PMID: 34011683; PMCID: PMC8265624.

Wang P, Chen Q, Gan L, Du X, Li Q, Qiao H, Zhao Y, Huang J, Wang J. Marginal Zinc Deficiency Aggravated Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Inflammation through ETEC Virulence Factors in a Mouse Model of Diarrhea. Vet Sci. 2022 Sep 16;9(9):507. doi: 10.3390/vetsci9090507. PMID: 36136723; PMCID: PMC9503546.

Maares M, Haase H. A Guide to Human Zinc Absorption: General Overview and Recent Advances of In Vitro Intestinal Models. Nutrients. 2020 Mar 13;12(3):762. doi: 10.3390/nu12030762. PMID: 32183116; PMCID: PMC7146416.

Assunção AGL, Cakmak I, Clemens S, González-Guerrero M, Nawrocki A, Thomine S. Micronutrient homeostasis in plants for more sustainable agriculture and healthier human nutrition. J Exp Bot. 2022 Mar 15;73(6):1789-1799. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erac014. PMID: 35134869; PMCID: PMC8921004.

Weker H, Friedrich M, Zabłocka-Słowińska K, Sadowska J, Długosz A, Hamułka J, Charzewska J, Socha P, Wądołowska L. Position Statement of the Polish Academy of Sciences' Committee of Human Nutrition Science on the Principles for the Nutrition of Preschool Children (4-6 Years of Age) and Early School-Age Children (7-9 Years of Age). J Mother Child. 2023 Dec 31;27(1):222-245. doi: 10.34763/jmotherandchild.20232701.d-23-00094. PMID: 38369720; PMCID: PMC10875211.

Byham-Gray L, Heyland D, Mehta NM. Nutritional Status Based on Body Mass Index Is Associated With Morbidity and Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Children in the PICU. Crit Care Med. 2016 Aug;44(8):1530-7. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001713. PMID: 26985636; PMCID: PMC4949117.

Zeković M, Milešević J, Takić M, Knez M, Šarac I, Kadvan A, Gurinović M, Glibetić M. Evaluation of Dietary Intake and Anthropometric Status in 1-9-Year-Old Children Living in Serbia: National Food Consumption Survey according to the EU Menu Methodology. Nutrients. 2022 Jul 27;14(15):3091. doi: 10.3390/nu14153091. PMID: 35956268; PMCID: PMC9370416.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




 

Become a REVIEWER 

 

ISSN: 2346-8491 (online)