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Introduction: Polyploidy is a widespread phenomenon in nature multiple increased content of the chromosomes 4n, 8n, 16n, etc). The frequency of its occurrence varies in different classes of organisms. The highest ploidy characterizes protozoans. Polyploid is relatively rare in multicellular organisms, among which such hermaphrodites are distinguished with the content of high-ploidic cells as for example mollusks (128n). The plant and animal bodies stand in marked contrast in terms of poliploydy as well. High vitality and fertility of polyploidic plants provided the basis for the process of applying high ploidic plants as the raw material in the selection. In case of mammals, polyploidy is most intensively studied in on the example of the liver, as it belongs to that small number of organs, for which normally characteristic polyploidy is described in all species. At the same time, polyploidization is a process initiated in the destructive tissue of liver in the conditions of various pathologies. Despite this, biological importance of polyploidy and its signaling pathways are not yet fully studied.

Method: We have reviewed literature in the next scientific databases: PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles were browsed by using advance search tools and filtered all open accessed articles with next keywords in title and/or abstract: Liver Regeneration; Liver cell, Polyploidy; Liver pathologies; Liver injury; Pathways, mechanism of poliploidy.

Conclusion: According to several hypotheses in literature, polyploidy is associated with maturation of hepatocytes and terminal differentiation protects against oxidative stress and damages caused by various pathogens and increase the functional activity of hepatocytes. Comparative study of interconnected cascade signaling pathways, averaged by protein kinases, regulating liver restoration under normal and pathological conditions by using various experimental models.