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Email this article Oral health in intravenous drug addicts and the role of dental professionals
Abstract
Background: The global rise in opioid addiction, particularly through intravenous methods, presents significant health challenges, notably in oral health. As opioid-related disorders continue to grow, their impact extends beyond systemic health, severely affecting oral health. The toxic nature of these substances, compounded by poor oral hygiene and weakened immunity, leads to a range of oral health issues including periodontal disease, osteomyelitis, osteonecrosis, and an increased risk of oral cancers. Addressing these challenges is critical not only for the physical health of affected individuals but also for their social and psychological well-being.
Aim: This study aims to synthesize the existing literature on the oral health impacts of intravenous drug use, with a particular focus on the role of dental professionals in early detection, management, and the integration of oral health care into addiction recovery programs.
Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science, focusing on peer-reviewed articles published in English between 2005 and 2024. The search utilized keywords such as 'drug-induced oral complications,' 'periodontal disease,' 'osteomyelitis,' and 'oral cancer.' Studies that specifically addressed the impact of intravenous drug use on oral health were selected, while non-peer-reviewed, non-English, and irrelevant studies were excluded. The findings were systematically reviewed to offer a comprehensive overview of the oral health implications associated with intravenous drug use.
Results: The review reveals that intravenous drug users are at a heightened risk for rapid progression of periodontal disease, increased incidence of dental caries, and frequent oral infections, including abscesses and systemic complications. Additionally, these individuals are more susceptible to developing oral cancers, osteomyelitis, and osteonecrosis, conditions that are challenging to treat and often have poor outcomes. The psychological and social consequences of poor oral health further exacerbate the risk of relapse, as individuals may turn to substances to manage pain or cope with the stigma associated with their condition. The role of dental professionals is critical in early detection and prevention, highlighting the importance of integrating oral health care into broader addiction treatment programs.
Conclusions: This review underscores the vital role dental professionals play in managing the oral health of intravenous drug users. Early detection and timely intervention are essential in preventing severe oral health complications and supporting long-term recovery. Integrating oral health care into addiction treatment programs is crucial for improving patient outcomes, reducing relapse rates, and providing comprehensive rehabilitation for this vulnerable population.Keywords
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