Hide
Show all
Email this article Basal cell carcinoma: review of risk factors
Abstract
Background: Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer and its incidence is rising worldwide. Its pathogenesis is still not well understood, although it is considered to be impacted by genetic and environmental factors.
Aim: The aim of the study is to review and summarize recent literature about basal cell carcinoma associated risk factors.
Methods: We searched all the available literature via Google Scholar and PubMed database by using keywords: basal cell carcinoma, risk factors, non-melanoma skin cancer, indoor and outdoor tanning, artificial sun exposure and UV radiation.
Results: Several papers reported that there are plenty of risk factors involved in the development of basal cell carcinoma including genetic alterations, intense sun exposure, Northern European ethnic origin, light skin color, tendency to burn rather than tan, history of blistering sunburns, tanning devices, immunosuppression, ionizing radiation and others.
Conclusions: Based on the literature review we identified that there are several main risk factors that can be associated with the development of basal cell carcinoma, from that the most principal is UV radiation and the population with fair skin has higher risk of getting basal cell carcinoma, although further prospective studies should be performed, that will establish the association between the existing and new risk factors and basal cell carcinoma, allowing to prevent the development of skin cancers.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Lau J, Guminski A, Gill A, Veivers D. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: a review of six cases. Aust J Otolaryngol. 2018 Sep;1:20–20.
Apalla Z, Nashan D, Weller RB, Castellsagué X. Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Disease Burden, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approaches. Dermatol Ther. 2017 Jan;7(S1):5–19.
Leiter U, Eigentler T, Garbe C. Epidemiology of skin cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;810:120–40.
Armstrong BK, Kricker A. The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2001 Oct;63(1–3):8–18.
Fransen M, Karahalios A, Sharma N, English DR, Giles GG, Sinclair RD. Non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia. Med J Aust. 2012 Nov 19;197(10):565–8.
Simić D, Prohić A, Situm M, Zeljko Penavić J. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of basal cell carcinoma. Coll Antropol. 2010 Mar;34 Suppl 1:147–50.
Chinem VP, Miot HA. Epidemiologia do carcinoma basocelular. An Bras Dermatol. 2011 Apr;86(2):292–305.
Karagas MR, Zens MS, Li Z, Stukel TA, Perry AE, Gilbert-Diamond D, et al. Early-Onset Basal Cell Carcinoma and Indoor Tanning: A Population-Based Study. Pediatrics. 2014 Jul 1;134(1):e4–12.
Foote JA, Harris RB, Giuliano AR, Roe DJ, Moon TE, Cartmel B, et al. Predictors for cutaneous basal- and squamous-cell carcinoma among actinically damaged adults. Int J Cancer. 2001 Jan 20;95(1):7–11.
Oh C-M, Cho H, Won Y-J, Kong H-J, Roh YH, Jeong K-H, et al. Nationwide Trends in the Incidence of Melanoma and Non-melanoma Skin Cancers from 1999 to 2014 in South Korea. Cancer Res Treat. 2018 Jul 15;50(3):729–37.
M. Lucas R, Norval M, E. Neale R, R. Young A, Gruijl FR de, Takizawa Y, et al. The consequences for human health of stratospheric ozone depletion in association with other environmental factors. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2015;14(1):53–87.
Housman TS, Feldman SR, Williford PM, Fleischer AB, Goldman ND, Acostamadiedo JM, et al. Skin cancer is among the most costly of all cancers to treat for the Medicare population. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Mar;48(3):425–9.
Lear JT, Tan BB, Smith AG, Bowers W, Jones PW, Heagerty AH, et al. Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma in the UK: case-control study in 806 patients. J R Soc Med. 1997 Jul;90(7):371–4.
Didona D, Paolino G, Bottoni U, Cantisani C. Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview. Biomedicines. 2018 Jan 2;6(1):6.
Maafs E, De la Barreda F, Delgado R, Mohar A, Alfeirán A. Basal cell carcinoma of trunk and extremities. Int J Dermatol. 1997 Aug;36(8):622–8.
Kyrgidis A, Tzellos TG, Vahtsevanos K, Triaridis S. New concepts for basal cell carcinoma. Demographic, clinical, histological risk factors, and biomarkers. A systematic review of evidence regarding risk for tumor development, susceptibility for second primary and recurrence. J Surg Res. 2010 Mar;159(1):545–56.
Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Willett WC, Speizer FE. Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma in a prospective cohort of women. Ann Epidemiol. 1990 Oct;1(1):13–23.
Chorun L, Norris JE, Gupta M. Basal cell carcinoma in blacks: a report of 15 cases. Ann Plast Surg. 1994 Jul;33(1):90–5.
Marghoob AA, Slade J, Salopek TG, Kopf AW, Bart RS, Rigel DS. Basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas are important risk factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma. Screening implications. Cancer. 1995 Jan 15;75(2 Suppl):707–14.
Hallaji Z, Rahimi H, Mirshams-Shahshahani M. COMPARISON OF RISK FACTORS OF SINGLE BASAL CELL CARCINOMA WITH MULTIPLE BASAL CELL CARCINOMAS. Indian J Dermatol. 2011;56(4):398–402.
Marcil I, Stern RS. Risk of developing a subsequent nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a critical review of the literature and meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol. 2000 Dec;136(12):1524–30.
Nugent Z, Demers AA, Wiseman MC, Mihalcioiu C, Kliewer EV. Risk of second primary cancer and death following a diagnosis of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev Publ Am Assoc Cancer Res Cosponsored Am Soc Prev Oncol. 2005 Nov;14(11 Pt 1):2584–90.
Chen J, Ruczinski I, Jorgensen TJ, Yenokyan G, Yao Y, Alani R, et al. Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer and Risk for Subsequent Malignancy. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Sep 3;100(17):1215–22.
Cho HG, Kuo KY, Li S, Bailey I, Aasi S, Chang ALS, et al. Frequent basal cell cancer development is a clinical marker for inherited cancer susceptibility. JCI Insight [Internet]. 2018 Aug 9 [cited 2019 Jan 21];3(15). Available from: https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/122744
Fogel AL, Sarin KY, Teng JMC. Genetic diseases associated with an increased risk of skin cancer development in childhood. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2017 Aug;29(4):426–33.
Kimonis VE, Goldstein AM, Pastakia B, Yang ML, Kase R, DiGiovanna JJ, et al. Clinical manifestations in 105 persons with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1997 Mar 31;69(3):299–308.
Furudate S, Fujimura T, Tojo G-I, Haga T, Aiba S. Basal cell carcinoma arising from xeroderma pigmentosum: a case report and an immunohistochemical study. Case Rep Dermatol. 2013 Jan;5(1):64–8.
Paulitschke V, Gerner C, Hofstätter E, Mohr T, Mayer RL, Pehamberger H, et al. Proteome profiling of keratinocytes transforming to malignancy: Proteomics and 2DE. ELECTROPHORESIS. 2015 Feb;36(4):564–76.
Woo DK, Eide MJ. Tanning beds, skin cancer, and vitamin D: an examination of the scientific evidence and public health implications. Dermatol Ther. 2010 Jan;23(1):61–71.
Yuspa SH. Cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986 Nov;15(5 Pt 1):1031–44.
Ouhtit A, Konrad Muller H, Gorny A, Ananthaswamy HN. UVB-induced experimental carcinogenesis: dysregulation of apoptosis and p53 signalling pathway. Redox Rep. 2000 Apr;5(2–3):128–9.
Bauer A, Diepgen TL, Schmitt J. Is occupational solar ultraviolet irradiation a relevant risk factor for basal cell carcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological literature: Occupational UV exposure and basal cell carcinoma risk. Br J Dermatol. 2011 Aug;no-no.
Zink A, Thomé F, Schielein M, Spinner CD, Biedermann T, Tizek L. Primary and secondary prevention of skin cancer in mountain guides: attitude and motivation for or against participation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Dec;32(12):2153–61.
Trakatelli M, Barkitzi K, Apap C, Majewski S, De Vries E, the EPIDERM group. Skin cancer risk in outdoor workers: a European multicenter case-control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016 Apr;30:5–11.
Gallagher RP, Hill GB, Bajdik CD, Fincham S, Coldman AJ, McLean DI, et al. Sunlight exposure, pigmentary factors, and risk of nonmelanocytic skin cancer. I. Basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 1995 Feb;131(2):157–63.
Watson M, Holman DM, Fox KA, Guy GP, Seidenberg AB, Sampson BP, et al. Preventing Skin Cancer Through Reduction of Indoor Tanning. Am J Prev Med. 2013 Jun;44(6):682–9.
Schulman JM, Fisher DE. Indoor UV tanning and skin cancer: health risks and opportunities. Curr Opin Oncol. 2009 Mar;21(2):144–9.
Bakos RM, Kriz M, Mühlstädt M, Kunte C, Ruzicka T, Berking C. Risk factors for early-onset basal cell carcinoma in a German institution. Eur J Dermatol EJD. 2011 Oct;21(5):705–9.
Barton DT, Zens MS, Nelson HH, Christensen BC, Storm CA, Perry AE, et al. Distinct histologic subtypes and risk factors for early onset basal cell carcinoma: A population-based case control study from New Hampshire. J Invest Dermatol. 2016 Feb;136(2):533–5.
Wehner MR, Shive ML, Chren M-M, Han J, Qureshi AA, Linos E. Indoor tanning and non-melanoma skin cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012 Oct 2;345(oct02 3):e5909–e5909.
Karagas MR, Stannard VA, Mott LA, Slattery MJ, Spencer SK, Weinstock MA. Use of Tanning Devices and Risk of Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Skin Cancers. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Feb 6;94(3):224–6.
Kang JS, Kang SG, Tak MS, Jeen YM. Multiple Skin Cancers Following Psoralen and Ultraviolet A Treatment of Psoriasis. Arch Craniofacial Surg. 2014 Dec;15(3):145–7.
Stern RS, Liebman EJ, Väkevä L. Oral psoralen and ultraviolet-A light (PUVA) treatment of psoriasis and persistent risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. PUVA Follow-up Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 Sep 2;90(17):1278–84.
Lichter MD, Karagas MR, Mott LA, Spencer SK, Stukel TA, Greenberg ER. Therapeutic ionizing radiation and the incidence of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The New Hampshire Skin Cancer Study Group. Arch Dermatol. 2000 Aug;136(8):1007–11.
Shore RE, Moseson M, Xue X, Tse Y, Harley N, Pasternack BS. Skin cancer after X-ray treatment for scalp ringworm. Radiat Res. 2002 Apr;157(4):410–8.
Zak-Prelich M, Narbutt J, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A. Environmental risk factors predisposing to the development of basal cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg Off Publ Am Soc Dermatol Surg Al. 2004 Feb;30(2 Pt 2):248–52.
Simeonova PP, Luster MI. Mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenicity: genetic or epigenetic mechanisms? J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol Off Organ Int Soc Environ Toxicol Cancer. 2000;19(3):281–6.
Wong SS, Tan KC, Goh CL. Cutaneous manifestations of chronic arsenicism: review of seventeen cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Feb;38(2 Pt 1):179–85.
Kiiski V, de Vries E, Flohil SC, Bijl MJ, Hofman A, Stricker BHC, et al. Risk factors for single and multiple basal cell carcinomas. Arch Dermatol. 2010 Aug;146(8):848–55.
Berg D, Otley CC. Skin cancer in organ transplant recipients: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002 Jul;47(1):1–17; quiz 18–20.
Comeau S, Jensen L, Cockfield SM, Sapijaszko M, Gourishankar S. Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Incidence and Risk Factors After Kidney Transplantation: A Canadian Experience: Transplantation. 2008 Aug;86(4):535–41.
Wei Q, Matanoski GM, Farmer ER, Strickland P, Grossman L. Vitamin supplementation and reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994 Aug;47(8):829–36.
McNaughton SA, Marks GC, Green AC. Role of Dietary Factors in the Development of Basal Cell Cancer and Squamous Cell Cancer of the Skin. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark. 2005 Jul 1;14(7):1596–607.
Park SM, Li T, Wu S, Li W-Q, Qureshi AA, Cho E. Vitamin D Intake and Risk of Skin Cancer in US Women and Men. PLOS ONE. 2016 Aug 24;11(8):e0160308.
Darjani A, Mehrdad SM, Rezazadeh Zahedi T, Alizadeh N, Eftekhari H, Rafiee R, et al. Association between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC). J Skin Stem Cell [Internet]. 2017 Sep 30 [cited 2019 Jan 21];4(3–4). Available from: http://journalssc.com/en/articles/69156.html
Freedman DM, Sigurdson A, Doody MM, Mabuchi K, Linet MS. Risk of Basal Cell Carcinoma in Relation to Alcohol Intake and Smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark. 2003 Dec 1;12(12):1540–3.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29088/TCM-GMJ.2019-15
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
ISSN: 2346-8491 (online)